Bangladesh had a strong Communist tradition going back to 1857-1947.
The early expression of anti-Zamandir movements are found in the Indigo riots and Pabna Rent revolt of 1873.The anticolonial nature of the revolt joined by the majority Muslim peasants are also joined by Hindus, in both leadership positions and general peasant participation.
The immediate cause of the Pabna revolt was absentee landlordism. The partition of India in 1947 transferred East Bengal to Pakistan. This division also saw the exodus of CPI(Communist Party of India)members who were Hindus to West Bengal. The communal riots that swept East Benfal, made the flight of East Bengal CPI Hindu cadres even more immediacy.
A little known party called Justice Front or United Front swept power in East Pakistan, as the Language movement of 1952 divided the Urdu seeking Muslim League and the Justice Forum batting for Bengali.
HS Suhrawardy of Awami League, a constituent of Justice Forum became Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1956-57.By that time SEATO(South East Asian Treaty Organization)was formed
in September 1954,and Pakistan became a member of that bolo. The foreign policy that took a pro-western tilt in Pakistan, also created a rift within the Awami Leadue and the socialist oriented Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani, founded National Awami Party(NAP).
In 1958 Ayub Khan clamped martial law in Pakistan and he took a change of policy, this time Ayub extended his support to China. The result of this friendship was also a renewed Communist activity in Esst Pakistan, that resulted in the formation of Communist Party of East Pakistan(CPEP).With Bhasani in the scene Ayub had found an unlikely ally in him.
In 1962 the World Communist movement also underwent a change The revisionist stance of Nikita khrushev, who was the Russian Premier from 1958-64.His predecessor Stalin took the Communist movement across the globe and the Soviet model was followed by the international Communist movements.
The first rift in the Communist movement happened in 1949 April, when Mao Zedong was launching his final offensive against KMT. Stalin the Russian Premier since 1941 asked Mao to halt his campaign. But Mao refused and China became independent. The arrival of Khrushev as Russian Premier did not ameliorate matters and China had started t follow the ideology of Mao. Khrushev in order to exercise the ghost of Stalin’s antiwestern policy, started to toe the western line. That came to a head in 1962 with World Communist movement breaking down into two camps. One the Moscow led and the more radical China camp.
In East Pakistan Md Toaha and Suhendu Dastidar followed the Chinese path of revolutionary armed struggle. This movement brought Maoism to East Pakistan. A prominent leader of that group Siraj Sikdar opened the Maoist-Thought Research
Centre in Dhaka. That left the Bhasani MAP to pursue the parliamentary democracy route.
The CPEP that took the pro-China line was itself divided as the next important political question of 1971 Liberation movement was launched across East Pakistan.
The CPEP was similarly divided into Soviet camp led by Md Toaha and the China camp led by Abdul Haq. The issue was that Haq was looking at the Liberation of East Pakistan as not a true liberation,but re-improvisation of Soviet and Indian domination over the population. He wanted a tree Maoist path of revolutionary struggle against all forms of suppression.
In June 1971 Purbo Banga Sarbaharsa Party was formed by Siraj Sikdar that advocated an armed struggle against the newly democratic country of Bangladesh, carved out of Pakistan While the red revolt of Sikdar came to a halt after he was killed in 1975.The Awami League which had the first split with Bhasani had the more radical elements within it form the JSD (Jtiiya Samajtantri Dal). More than anything else the autocracy the JSD perceived that is rising in Bangladesh with Sjeikh Mujibur Rahman. Syed Faroque Rahman and Abdul Majed were officers of Bangladesh Army.There were officers who were influenced by JSD ideology within the coup that tool place in Dhaka that killed Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his family in 15th August 1975.
With the formation of the Revolutionary International Movement(RIM)that involved itself with uniting all the MarxistLeninist-Maoist forces globally, in Bangladesh the PBSP had a split into Purbo Buglar Sarbahara Party(Maoist Bolshevik Revolutionary Party).
They are aligned to the Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organi, atuons of South East Asia(CCOMPOSA). Bangladesh and Palestine Communist movements
Communist movement in Palestine :
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PLFP)headed by George Habash, is inspired by MarxismLeninism to wage armed struggle for liberation of Palestine. The armed wing of the group is Abu Ali Mustafa Brigade.
Leila Khaled an active cadre of PFLP)was instrumental in the hijacking of TWA Flight 840 in 1969.
Since its founding in 1967 PFLP was able to garnee support of Palestinian people in Gaza and West Bank, by its mix of Arab nationalism and Marxist-Leninist ideology.
An active member un the second Intifada from 2000 to 2005, and an incident in 2019 thar killed an Israeli teen.A lo n g with HAMAS and PIJ (Palestinian Islamic Jihad)in 2022 there were steps to create the National Liberation Front. With a waning PFLP violence the HAMAS and PIJ had formed the most dangerous round of terror infrastructure that brought about a devastating 7th October 2023 attack on Israel.
Communist movement in Nepal :
After the formation of Communist Party of Nepal(Maoist)in 1994,the internal turmoil in Nepal began to manifest itself in a Civil war.The government of Nepal and the Pushpa Kumar Dahal led Maoists of Nepal fought a bitter civil war from 1996 to 2006.
While the armed insurgency was raging on 1st June 2001 King Birendra and his royal family members were gunned down in a family fued.A peace offer by government in mid-2001 had collapsed after four months and the Maoists renewed their offensive in majority of the districts.
King Gyanendra acting on the advise of Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Daobsm, dissolves parliament in May 2002.
From 2003 the Maoist started another offensive including some high profile assassination.Shortly afterwards the Maoists agreed for a ceasefire and peace talks.
Army action in Central Nepal kills over two dozen Maoists.The ceasefire falls through after seven months and in a retaliatory strike the Maoists gunned down a top Nepal Army officer in Kathmandu.
In April 2006 King Gyanendra reinstates parliament and a United Nation brokered peace process ends the insurgency.
In 2008 Dahal who goes by the name of Prachanda was elected Prime Minister.And in 2009 Communist Party of NepalUnity Centre-Maoists) and CPN(Maoists)merged to form Unified Communist Party of Nepal(Maoists).